Barnard Political Science: Syllabi

SYLLABUS

UST V 3994x-3995y
New York City Undergraduate Area Rresearch Program
Fall 1998-Spring 1999
Judith Russell
NEW YORK CITY UNDERGRADUATE AREA RESEARCH PROGRAM:
POVERTY, THE POOR AND PUBLIC POLICY
This two-semester seminar is organized around the problem of poverty in an urban setting. One fourth of all New Yorkers live in poverty, many of whom are unreached by social welfare programs. At present the poor in this city appear to some to constitute a permanent, or cyclical, "underclass" and it remains to be seen how this population will be affected by the elimination of AFDC and other public policy changes removing important public income supports and services. This seminar attempts to impart a realistic understanding of who the poor are, of what the city can and cannot do to reduce poverty, and of the constraints that limit the city's social policy strategies. The dimensions of New York City's antipoverty policies, both public and private, will be studied closely in the context of historical and nationwide trends, and students will design original research projects on some aspect of urban poverty.
The seminar will be divided into three sections:
1. The problem of urban poverty in New York City. This includes both
public and private policies, structures, and organizations for dealing
with the poor.
2. New York City politics and political culture.
3. Methods of research and analysis.
COURSE REQUIREMENTS: Attendance and informed participation at all class meetings. Student attendance and participation will be taken and considered in the final grade. Students who are not making presentations are to submit hand-written or typed reading notes on each week’s assigned reading. These may be as informal as you like; their purpose is not to determine how well you interpret the assigned material, but to ensure that you read it before class. When students are well prepared this course operates quite effectively as an aggressive working seminar on poverty and urban policy.
A significant research paper of approximately 50 pages will be expected on the last day of the course. You will also be expected to present your findings to the class in an hour long presentation based on your paper near the end of the spring semester. During the fall semester two 20-minute oral presentations, based on weekly reading assignments, will be expected of each student.
On September 29 a one page statement of your research problem is due. This should include why you have chosen your topic and some hypotheses you expect to test, or otherwise study. On December 8 a ten-page research design, including bibliography, is due. Failure to hand in this research design before the end of the semester may jeopardize your right to complete the course. In that event, since this is a year long course, you would not receive academic credit for the fall’s semester work. Footnotes or endnotes in standard form are expected in this document and in the research paper due in the spring; parenthetical citations are not acceptable. All research topics must be approved by me before research begins; this means consultations must begin before the first, September 29, deadline. There is a grade penalty for late papers.
Students are expected to keep a clipping file of newspaper and/or magazine articles related to urban poverty and welfare. A New York City daily newspaper should be read regularly over the next two semesters. The metropolitan section of the New York Times is particularly useful. Students can also check the following magazines for relevant articles: The New Republic, The Atlantic, The New York Review of Books, The Economist, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Week in Review (Sunday paper), The New York Times Magazine (Sunday paper), The Public Interest, and others. Current editions of these can be found in the Columbia and Barnard libraries.
INTERNSHIPS: Information about research opportunities with ongoing antipoverty programs in the city will be provided by me and by guest speakers we will have in this class. It is hoped that students will also be resourceful in developing research situations for themselves.
READINGS: The books below are available for purchase at the Columbia University Bookstore. These books are required. Additional readings will be determined at the first class meeting; do not buy books until the first class. A more extensive reading list will be found at the end of this syllabus to be used as a reference bibliography.
Becker, Howard S., Writing for Social Scientists (Chicago)
Bourgeois, Phillipe, In Search of Respect (Cambridge University Press)
Bryner, Gary, Politics and Public Morality: The Great American Welfare Reform Debate (Norton)
Edin, Kathleen, Making Ends Meet: How Mothers Survive (Russell Sage)
Katz, Michael, The Undeserving Poor: From the War on Poverty to the War on Welfare (Pantheon)
Leedy, Paul D. Practical Research: Planning and Design, 5th ed.(Macmillan)
Manning, Marable, Beyond Black and White: Transforming African-American Politics (Verso)
Steinberg, Stephen, Turning Back: The Retreat from Racial Justice in American Thought and Policy (Beacon)
Vitullo-Martin, Julia (ed.), Breaking Away: The Future of Cities (Twentieth Century Fund)
William Julius Wilson, When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor (Knopf)
I.    METHODS OF RESEARCHING POVERTY

September 8 Introduction: On Method
*C. Wright Mills, The Sociological Imagination (on reserve)
Appendix
Chapter 2 Great Theory
Chapter 3 Abstacted Empiricism
*Robert Merton, "Notes on Problem Finding in Sociology" in Sociology Today, Vol. V (on reserve)
September 15 Poverty and Social Programs in the U.S.
*Michael Katz, The Undeserving Poor Chs. 1-4, pp 3-184
*Walter Korpi, "Approaches to the Study of Poverty in the United States: Critical Notes from a European Perspective", in Vincent T. Covello, ed., Poverty and Public Policy: An Evaluation of Social Science Research (on reserve)
September 22 Social Research and the Elements of Research Design
*Paul Leedy, Practical Research: Planning and Design, 5th Edition
Chapter 2 Tools of Research
Chapter 3 The Problem
Chapter 4 The Review of the Related Literature
Chapter 5 Planning the Research Project
Chapter 7 Writing the Research Proposal
Chapter 8 The Descriptive Survey Study
Chapter 10 Quantitative Study
Chapter 12 Writing the Research Report
September 29 Additional Techniques of Research
ONE PAGE STATEMENT OF RESEARCH TOPIC DUE
* * * * DISCUSSION OF PROPOSED RESEARCH * * * *
*Howard S. Becker, Writing for Social Scientists: How to Start and Finish Your Thesis, Book, or Article
Guest speaker: Barnard Library Head of Research
II.    CITY POLITICS AND POLICY

October 6 Cities
*Julia Vitullo-Martin (ed.), Breaking Away: The Future of Cities
Dick Netzer, "The Economics of Cities" (ch.3)
Ester Fuchs, "The Permanent Urban Fiscal Crisis" (ch.4)
*Hamilton, Charles V., "The Patron-Recipient Relationship and Minority Politics," in Political Science Quarterly, Summer 1979.
October 13 Services
*Julia Vitullo-Martin (ed.), Breaking Away: The Future of Cities
Diane Ravitch,"The Problem of the Schools: A Proposal for Renewal" (ch.5)
Julia Vitullo-Martin, "Housing & Neighborhoods" (ch.7)
Donna Shalala, "The Health and Welfare of Cities" (ch.10)
Robert Kiley, "New York Underground: Rescuing the MTA" (ch.11)
Joseph Fernandez, "The Future of Public Education" (ch.12)
III.    POVERTY AND POLICY
Student presentations will be based on selected readings below. Responsibility for these readings will be assigned early in the semester. Each student is not responsible for all of the readings below.
October 20 What is Poverty and Who are the Poor?
* William Julius Wilson, When Work Disappears
Gans, Herbert J. The War Against the Poor
Mary Jo Bane, "Politics and Policies of the Feminization of Poverty," in Weir, et. al., The Politics of Social Policy in the United States
Mitchell Duneier, Slim's Table: Race, Respectability and Masculinity
Joel Blau, The Visible Poor: Homelessness in the United States
Carole Marks, "The Specious Origins of the Black Underclass," paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Chicago, Illinois. August 1987.
Joan Moore, "Is There a Hispanic Underclass?" Social Science Quarterly, June 1989
David Ellwood, Poor Support
Michael Harrington, The New American Poverty
Andrew Hacker, "Getting Rough on the Poor," The New York Review of Books, October 13, 1988
Andrew Hacker, "`Welfare' The Future of an Illusion," The New York Review of Books, February 28, 1985
Andrew Hacker, "The Lower Depths," The New York Review of Books, August 12, 1982
Christopher Jencks, "How Poor are the Poor?" The New York Review of Books, May 9, 1985
October 27 Studying the Poor.
*Phillipe Bourgeois, In Search of Respect
Thomas Cook and Thomas Curtin, "The Mainstream and the Underclass: Why are the Differences So Salient and the Similarities So Unobtrusive?" in Masters and Smith, eds., Social Comparison, Social Justice, and Relative Deprivation: Theoretical, Empirical, and Policy Perspectives
Phillip Kasinitz, Caribbean New York: Black Immigrants and the Politics of Race
Anderson, Elijah, Street Wise: Race, Class, and Change in an Urban Community
Carol Stack, All Our Kin
Gerald Suttles, The Social Order of the Slum
Elliot Liebow, Tally's Corner
Robert Staples, The Black Family
November 3 NO CLASS (ELECTION DAY)
November 10 Race, Class, Racism and Poverty I
*Stephen Steinberg, Turning Back: The Retreat from Racial Justice in American Thought and Policy
November 17 Race, Class, Racism and Poverty II
*Marable Manning, Beyond Black and White: Transforming African-American Politics
Christopher Jencks, "Deadly Neighborhoods, " in The New Republic, June 23, 1988, p.23-32
Lawrence Bobo & Ryan Smith "Antipoverty Policy, Affirmative Action, and Racial Attitudes" in Danziger, et. al. Confronting Poverty
Derrick Bell, Faces at the Bottom of the Well: The Permanence of Racism
Cornel West, Race Matters
Ben L. Martin, "From Negro to Black to African-American," in Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 106, No. 1, Spring 1991
Henry Louis Gates, Loose Canons: Notes on the Culture Wars
William Julius Wilson "Race-Neutral Programs and the Democratic Coalition", The American Prospect Spring 1990, No.1.
Gary Orfield and Carole Ashkinaze, The Closing Door: Conservative Policy and Black Opportunity
William Van DeBurg, New Day in Babylon: The Black Power Movement and American Culture, 1965-1975
Fred R. Harris and Roger Wilkins, eds. Quiet Riots: Race and Poverty in the United States
Angela Davis, Women, Culture, and Politics
Stokely Carmichael and Charles V. Hamilton, Black Power
Andrew Hacker, Two Nations: Black and White,Separate, Hostile, Unequal
*Recording: "Dick Gregory: The Light Side: The Dark Side"
Jonathan Rieder, Canarsie: The Jews and Italians of Brooklyn Against Liberalism
Jack Salzman, et. al, eds., Bridges and Boundaries: African-Americans and American Jews
William Julius Wilson, The Declining Significance of Race
Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma
Tom Wolfe, Radical Chic and Mau-Mauing the Flak Catchers
Schuman, Steeh and Bobo, Racial Attitudes in America
Rainwater, Lee and William L. Yancy, The Moynihan Report and the Politics of Controversy (Mit Press, 1967)
November 24 Antipoverty Policy: Status of the Field
*Gary Bryner, Politics and Public Morality: The Great American Welfare Reform Debate
Recommended:
Rebecca Blank It Takes a Nation: A New Agenda For Fighting Poverty
December 1 Public Policy: The Effects of Antipoverty Policy on the Poor
*Kathleen Edin, Making Ends Meet: How Mothers Survive
Mary Jo Bane & David Ellwood, Welfare Realities
Christopher Jencks and Kathryn Edin "The Real Welfare Problem" in The American Prospect, No. 1, Spring 1990
Christopher Jencks, Rethinking Social Policy
Kathryn Neckerman, et. al., "Family Structure, Black Unemployment, and American Social Policy," in Weir, et. al., The Politics of Social Policy in the United States
Danziger, Haveman, Plotnick, "Antipoverty Policy: Effects on the Poor and Nonpoor," in Danziger and Weinberg, eds., Fighting Poverty
Charles Murray, Losing Ground
Hugh Heclo, "The Political Foundations of Antipoverty Policy," in Danziger and Weinberg, eds., Fighting Poverty
Furstenberg, Frank F., Jr. and J. Brooks-Gunn and S. Philip Morgan. Adolescent Mothers in Later Life
December 8 Dilemmas of Public Policy
RESEARCH DESIGNS DUE. NO EXCEPTIONS!
*Judith Russell, "American Antipoverty Policy: The Missed Opportunity for Jobs in the War on Poverty" (paper, on reserve)
Recommended:
Weir, Margaret, Politics and Jobs
RELEVANT BIBLIOGRAPHY
Many of these readings are on reserve for this course at the Barnard Reserve Room; some are required reading and some will be useful for student research. The list should be considered a guide to introduce you to some of the theories, methods and topics available in the field of antipoverty policy, politics, and government.
Albert, Vicky N. Welfare Dependence and Welfare Policy. Westport, Ct.: Greenwood Press, 1988.
Anderson, Elijah, Street Wise: Race, Class, and Change in an Urban Community, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1990.
Auletta, Ken. The Underclass. New York: Vintage Books, 1982.
Balkin, Steven. Self-Employment for Low Income People. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1989.
Bane, Mary Jo and David Ellwood. Welfare Realities: From Rhetoric to Reform. Cambridge, Ma.: Harvard University Press, 1994.
Blau, Joel. The Visible Poor: Homelessness in the United States.
Blau, Judith R. and Peter M. Blau, "The Cost of Inequality: Metropolitan Structure and Violent Crime", American Sociological Review, v.47, 1982.
Becker, Howard S. Writing for Social Scientists: How to Start and Finish Your Thesis. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1986.
Beeghley, Leonard. Living Poorly in America. Westport, Ct.: Praeger Press, 1988.
Bell, Derrick. Faces at the Bottom of the Well: The Permanence of Racism.
Berkowitz, Edward and McQuaid, Kim. Creating the Welfare State. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1988.
Bernick, Michael, Urban Illusions. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1987.
Brecher, Charles. The Impact of Federal Antipoverty Policies. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1973.
Brecher, Charles and Raymond Horton, eds. Setting Municipal Priorities 1984. New York: New York University Press, 1983.
----------------------------------------. Setting Municipal Priorities 1986. New York: New York University Press, 1985.
----------------------------------------. Setting Municipal Priorities 1988. New York: New York University Press, 1987.
----------------------------------------. Setting Municipal Priorities 1990. New York: New York University Press, 1990.
----------------------------------------. Setting Municipal Priorities: American Cities and the NewYork Experience. New York: New York University Press, 1984.
Burt, Martha R. and Barbara E. Cohen. America's Homeless. Washington D.C.: The Urban Institute Press, 1989.
Buss, Terry F. and Redburn, F. Stevens. Hidden Unemployment. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1988.
Caplan, Nathan, Andrea Morrison, and Russell J. Stambaugh. The Use of Social Science Knowledge in Policy Decisions at the National Level: A report to Respondents. Ann Arbor, Mich.: The University of Michigan Press, 1966.
Caraley, Demetrios. Doing More With Less: Cutback Management in New York City. New York: Columbia University Graduate Program in Public Policy and Administration, 1982.
Carmichael, Stokely and Charles V. Hamilton. Black Power.
Cloward, Richard and Frances Fox Piven. The Politics of Turmoil: Poverty, Race, and the Urban Crisis. New York: Vintage Books, 1965.
--------------------------------------. Poor People's Movements: Why They Succeed, Why They Fail. New York: Vintage Books, 1977.
--------------------------------------. Regulating the Poor: The Functions of Public Welfare. New York: Vintage Books, 1971.
Colman, William G. State and Local Government and Public-Private Partnerships. Westport, Ct.: Greenwood Press, 1989.
Cottingham, Phoebe and David Ellwood, eds. Welfare Policy for the 1990s. Cambridge, Ma.: Harvard University Press, 1989.
Coughlin, Richard M. Ideology, Public Opinion and Welfare Policy. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1980.
Covello, Vincent T., ed. Poverty and Public Policy: An Evaluation of Social Science Research.
Danzinger, Sheldon H., Gary D. Sandefur and Daniel H. Weinberg, eds. Confronting Poverty: Prescriptions for Change. Cambridge, Ma.: Harvard University Press, 1994.
Danzinger, Sheldon H. and Daniel Weinberg, eds. Fighting Poverty: What Works and What Doesn't. Cambridge, Ma.: Harvard University Press, 1986.
Davis, Angela. Women, Culture, and Politics.
Duneier, Mitchell. Slim's Table: Race, Respectability and Masculinity.
Ellwood, David. Poor Support: Poverty in the American Family. New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1988.
Finley, Lawrence, ed. Public Sector Privatization. Westport, Ct.: Quorum Books, 1989.
Frieden, Bernard J.."Housing Allowances: An Experiment that Worked," in The Public Interest, No. 59, Spring 1980, pp.15-35.
Friedrichs, Jurgen. Affordable Housing and the Homeless. New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1988.
Fuchs, Ester. Mayors and Money: Fiscal Policy in New York and Chicago. University of Chicago Press, 1992.
Furstenberg, Frank F., Jr. and J. Brooks-Gunn and S. Philip Morgan. Adolescent Mothers in Later Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
Gans, Herbert J.. The War Against the Poor: The Underclass and Antipoverty Policy. New York: Basic Books, 1995.
----------------. "Deconstructing the Underclass, The Term's Dangers as a Planning Concept," Journal of American Planning Association, Vol. 52, Summer 1990, pp. 271-277.
Gates, Henry Louis. Loose Canons: Notes on the Culture Wars.
Gelpi, Barbara C., ed. Women and Poverty. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983.
Goldsmith, William W. and Harvey M. Jacobs, "The Imporbability of Urban Policy," Journal of the American Planning Institute, Winter 1982.
Green, Charles and Wilson, Basil. The Struggle for Black Empowerment in New York City. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1989.
Greenstein, Fred and Nelson W. Polby. Strategies of Inquiry, Handbook of Political Science, Vol. 7. Reading, Ma.: Addison Wesley Publishing Company.
Hacker, Andrew. Two Nations: Black and White, Separte, Hostile, Unequal.
--------------. "Getting Rough on the Poor", The New York Review of Books, October 13, 1988.
--------------. " 'Welfare' The Future of an Illusion," The New York Review of Books, February 28, 1985.
--------------. "The Lower Depths", The New York Review of Books, August 12, 1982.
Haider, Donald, "Sayre and Kaufman Revisited," in Urban Affairs Quarterly, 15/2 December, 1979, pp. 123-145.
Hamilton, Charles V., "The Patron-Recipient Relationship and Minority Politics, Political Science Quarterly, Summer 1979.
Harris, Fred R. and Roger Wilkins, eds. Quiet Riots: Race and Poverty in the United States.
Harrington, Michael. The Other America. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1962.
-------------------. The New American Poverty. New York: Penguin Books, 1984.
Hartman, Chester. "Housing Allowances, A Bad Idea Whose Time Has Come," in Working Papers 9, November/December 1982, p. 55-58.
Heiman, Michael K. The Quiet Evolution. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1988.
Jaynes, Gerald David and Robin M. Williams Jr. Eds. A Common Destiny: Blacks and American Society. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press, 1989.
Jencks, Christopher and Kathryn Edin. "The Real Welfare Problem", The American Prospect, no. 1, Spring 1990.
Jencks, Christopher. Rethinking Social Policy.
-------------------. "Deadly Neighborhoods", The New Republic, June 23, 1988, pp. 23-32.
-------------------. "How Poor are the Poor?", The New York Review of Books, May 9, 1985.
Jensen, Leif. The New Immigration. Westport, Ct.: Greenwood Press, 1989.
Kaplan, Marshall and Peggy Cuciti, eds. The Great Society and Its Legacy: Twenty Years of U.S. Social Policy. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1986.
Katz, Michael. Improving Poor People: The Welfare State, the "Underclass", and Urban Schools As History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995.
-------------. The Undeserving Poor: From the War on Poverty to the War on Welfare. New York: Pantheon Books, 1989.
-------------. In the Shadow of the Poorhouse: A History of Welfare In America. New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1986.
Katznelson, Ira. City Trenches: Urban Politics and the Patterning of Class in the United States. New York: Pantheon Books, 1981.
Kaus, Mickey. "The Work Ethic State", The New Republic, July 7, 1986.
Kochman, Thomas. Black and White Styles in Conflict. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981.
Kozol, Jonathan. Rachel and Her Children: Homeless Families in America. New York: Fawcett Columbine, 1988.
Leedy, Paul. Practical Research: Planning and Design (5th edition). New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1993.
Lemann, Nicholas, The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America, New York: Knopf, 1991.
Levitan, Sar. Programs in Aid of the Poor, 5th Edition. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985.
Liebow, Eliot. Tally's Corner: A Study of Negro Streetcorner Men. Boston: Little Brown and Company, 1967.
Lipsky, Michael. Theoretical Perspectives on Urban Politics. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1976.
Lofland, John. Analyzing Social Settings. Belmont, Ca.: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1984.
Loury, Glenn C. "The Moral Quandary of the Black Community," The Public Interest, Winter 1985.
McNickle, Chris. To Be Mayor of New York: Ethnic Politics in the City.
MacLeod, Jay. Ain't No Makin' It: Leveled Aspirations In a Low-Income Neighborhood.Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1987.
Maney, Ardith L. Still Hungry After All These Years. Westport, Ct.: Greenwood Press, 1989.
Manning, Marable. Beyond Black and White: Transforming African-American Politics. Verso, 1996.
Marcuse, Peter. "Gentrification, Abandonment, and Displacement: Connections, Cause, and Policy Repsonses in New York," in Journal of Urban and Contemporary Law, Vol. 28, pp. 105-240, 1985.
Marks, Carole. "The Specious Origins of the Black Underclass", a paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Chicago, Illinois. August 1987.
Martin, Ben L. "From Negro to Black to African-American", Political Science Quarterly, vol.106, no.1, Spring 1991.
Masters, J.C. and W.P. Smith, eds. Social Comparison, Social Justice and Relative Deprivation. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1987. Matusow, Allen J. The Unravelling of America: A History of Liberalism in the Sixties. New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1984.
Mead, Lawrence. Beyond Entitlement: The Social Obligations of Citizenship.
Mills, C. Wright. The Sociological Imagination. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1959.
Mollenkopf, John Hull. A Pheonix in the Ashes: The Rise and Fall of the Koch Coalition in New York City Politics.
Momeni, Jamshid A. ed. Homelessness in the United States, Vol. 1. Westport, Ct.: Greenwood Press, 1989.
---------------------. Homelessness in the United States, Vol. 2. Westport, Ct.: Greenwood Press, 1990.
Moore, Joan. "Is There a Hispanic Underclass?", Social Science Quarterly, June 1989.
Moynihan, Daniel P. Family and Nation. New York: Harcourt, Brace Jovanovich, 1986.
------------------. Maximum Feasible Misunderstanding. New York: Free Press, 1969.
------------------. The Politics of A Guaranteed Income: The Nixon Administration and the Family Assistance Plan. New York: Random House, 1973.
Murphy, J.T. Getting the Facts: Fieldwork Guide For Evaluators and Policy Analysis. Santa Monica, California: Goodyear Publishing Company, Inc., 1980.
Murray, Charles. Losing Ground: American Social Policy 1950 - 1980. New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1984.
Myrdal, Gunnar. An American Dream.
Orfield, Gary and Carole Ashkinaze. The Closing Door: Conservative Policy and Black Opportunity.
Patterson, James. America's Struggle Against Poverty 1900-1985. Cambridge, Ma.: Harvard University Press, 1981.
Poole, Robert. Cutting Back City Hall. New York: Universe Books, 1980.
Pope, Jacqueline. Biting the Hand that Feeds Them. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1989.
Rainwater, Lee and William L. Yancey, The Moynihan Report and the Politics of Controversy (including D. P. Moynihan, The Negro Family: the Case for National Action), MIT Press, 1967.
Redburn, F. Stevens and Buss, Terry F. Responding to America's Homeless. New York: Preaeger Publishers, 1990.
Reimer, David Raphael. The Prisoners of Welfare. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1988.
Rieder, Jonathan. Canarsie: The Jews and Italians of Brooklyn Against Liberalism.
Roberts, Robert. The Classic Slum. London: Penguin, 1971.
Salzman, Jack et. al., eds. Bridges and Boundaries: African-Americans and American Jews.
Sayre, Wallace and Herbert Kaufman. Governing New York City: Politics in the Metropolis. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1960.
Schatzman, Leonard. Field Research: Strategies for a Natural Sociology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1973.
Schuman, Steeh and Bobo. Racial Attitudes in America.
Schwartz, John E. America's Hidden Success. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1983.
Shefter, Martin. Political Crisis/Fiscal Crisis: The Collapse and Revival of New York City. New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1985.
Shorris, Earl. Latinos: A Biography of the People.
Stack, Carol. All Our Kin: Strategies for Survival in a Black Community. New York: Harper and Row, 1974.
Steinberg, Stephen. Turning Back: The Retreat from Racial Justice in American Thought and Policy. Beacon, 1996.
Sleeper, James. The Closest of Strangers, New York: W. W. Norton, 1990.
Steele, Shelby. The Content of Our Character, New York: St. Martin Press, 1990.
Staples, Robert. The Black Family: Essays and Studies. Belmont, Ca.: Wadsworth Publishing Company Inc., 1986.
Suttles, Gerald. The Social Order of the Slum: Ethnicity and Territory in the Inner City. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1968.
Trattner, Walter I. Social Welfare or Social Control? Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press, 1983.
Van DeBurg, William. New Day in Babylon: The Black Power Movement and American Culture, 1965-1975.
Van Vliet-, Willem, Choldin, Harvey, Michelson, William, and Popenoe, David. Housing and Neighborhoods. Westport, Ct.: Greenwood Press, 1987.
Van Vliet-, Willem, International Handbook of Housing Policies and Practices. Westport, Ct.: Greenwood Press, 1989.
Vitullo-Martin, Julia, ed. Breaking Away: The Future of Cities. Twentieth Century Fund, 1996.
Weir, Margaret. Politics and Jobs.
Weir, Margaret et al., eds. The Politics of Social Policy in the United States. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988.
West, Cornell. Race Matters.
Wilkins, Roger W. and Fred R. Harris, Eds. Quiet Riots. New York: Pantheon Books, 1988.
Williamson, John B. et al. The Research Craft. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1977.
Wilson, William Julius. "Race-Neutral Programs and the Democratic Coalition", The American Prospect, no.1, Spring 1990.
----------------------. The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1987.
----------------------. The Declining Significance of Race. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1978.
Wolfe, Tom. Radical Chic and Mau-Mauing the Flak Catchers.
Zopf, Paul E. Jr. American Women in Poverty. Westport, Ct., 1989.
CATEGORIC BIBLIOGRAPHY
Methodology
Becker, Howard S., Writing for Social Scientists. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986.
Eckstein, Harry, "Case Study and Theory in Political Science," in The Handbook of Political Science, Vol. 7: Strategies of Inquiry. Reading, Ma.: Addison Wesley Publishing Company.
Johnson, Janet Buttolph and Richard A. Joslyn. Political Science Research Methods. Washington D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1986.
Leedy, Paul. Practical Research: Planning and Design (5th edition). New York: Macmillan Publishing, Co., 1993.
Lofland, John and Lyn H. Lofland. Analyzing Social Settings. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1984.
Marshall, Catherine and Gretchen B. Rossman, Designing Qualitative Research. New York: Sage Publications, 1989.
Merton, Robert K., "Notes on Problem Finding in Sociology," in Sociology Today: Problems and Prospects. New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1959.
Mills, C. Wright, The Sociological Imagination. New York: Oxford University Press, 1959.
Shively, W. Phillips, The Craft of Political Research. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1980.
Schatzman, Leonard and Anselm L. Strauss, Field Research. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1973.
Siebert, S., "Integration of Field Work and Survey Methods," in American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 78/6.
"Tabular Presentation," in International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 1968.
War On Poverty
Aaron, Henry J. Politics and the Professors: The Great Society in Perspective. Washington D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1978.
Blumenthal, Richard. "The Bureaucracy: Antipoverty and the Community Action Program." in Allen P. Sindler, Ed. American Political Institutions and Public Policy. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1969.
Brager, George A. and Francis P. Purcell. Community Action Against Poverty. New Haven, Ct.: College and University Press, 1967.
Clark, Kenneth B. and Jeanette Hopkins. A Relevant War Against Poverty. New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1968.
Danziger, Sheldon H., Gary D. Sandefur and Daniel H. Weinberg, eds. Confronting Poverty: Prescriptions for Change. Cambridge, Ma.: Harvard University Press, 1994.
Danzinger, Sheldon H., and Daniel H. Weinberg, eds. Fighting Poverty: What Works and What Doesn't. Cambridge, Ma.: Harvard University Press, 1986.
Donovan, John C. The Politics of Poverty. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc., 1967.
Everett, Robinson O., ed. Anti-Poverty Programs Urban Problems and Prospects. Dobbs Ferry, New York: Oceana Publications, Inc., 1966.
Gans, Herbert. The War Against the Poor: The Underclass and Antipoverty Policy. New York: Basic Books, 1995.
Gordon, Kermit, ed. Agenda for the Nation. Washington D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1968.
Hacker, Andrew. "Getting Rough on the Poor", The New York Review of Books, October 13, 1988.
Harrington, Michael. The Other America. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1984.
-------------------. The New American Poverty.
Harris, Seymour E. The Economics of the Kennedy Years. New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1964.
Haveman, Robert, Ed. A Decade of Federal Antipoverty Programs: Achievements, Failures and Lessons. New York: Academic Press, 1977.
Jacobs, Paul et al. Dialogue on Poverty. Indianopolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc., 1967.
Jencks, Christopher. "How Poor are the Poor?", The New York Review of Books, May 9, 1985.
Kaplan, Marshall and Peggy Cuciti, eds. The Great Society and its Legacy. Durham: Duke University Press, 1986.
Katz, Michael. Improving Poor People: The Welfare State, The "Underclass", and Urban Schools as History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995.
-------------. The Undeserving Poor: From the War on Poverty to the War on Welfare. New York: Pantheon Books, 1989.
Kershaw, Joseph A. Government Against Poverty. Chicago: Markham Publishing Company, 1976.
Knapp, Daniel and Kenneth Polk. Scouting the War on Poverty, Social Reform Politics in the Kennedy Administration. Lexington, Ma.: Heath Lexington Books, 1971.
Larner, Jeremy and Irving Howe. Eds. Poverty: Views from the Left. New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1968.
Levitan, Sar A. Programs in Aid of the Poor. Fifth Edition. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985.
----------------Great Society's Poor Law. Baltimore, Md: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1969.
----------------, ed. The Federal Social Dollar in its Own Back Yard. Washington D.C.: The Bureau of National Affaris, Inc., 1973.
Marmour, Theodore R., ed. Poverty Policy: A Compendium of Cash Transfer Proposals. Chicago: Aldine - Atherton, Inc., 1971.
Marris, Peter and Martin Rein. Dilemnas of Social Reform: Poverty and Community Action in the United States. New York: Atherton Press, 1967.
Moynihan, Daniel P. On Understanding Poverty. New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1968.
--------------------Maximum Feasible Understanding: Community Action in the War on Poverty. New York: The Free Press, 1970.
Plotnick, Robert D. and Felicity Skidmore. Progress Against Poverty. New York: Academic Press, 1975.
Rossi, Peter. "No Good Idea Goes Unpunished: Moynihan's Misunderstandings and the Proper Role of Social Science in Policy Making," in Social Science Quarterly, December 1969.
Sindler, Allen P. American Political Institutions and Public Policy. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1969.
Sundquist, James L. On Fighting Poverty. New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1969.
--------------------"Jobs, Training, and Welfare for the Underclass." in Kermit Gordon, Ed., Agenda for the Nations. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institute, 1968.
--------------------"Politics and Policy: The Eisenhower, Kennedy and Johnson Years. Washington D.C: The Brookings Institute, 1968.
Tulis, Jeffrey K. The Rhetorical Presidency. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987.
Wilkins, Roger W. and Fred R. Harris, Eds. Quiet Riots. New York: Pantheon Books, 1988.
Williamson, John B. et.al. Strategies Against Poverty in America. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1975.
Zarefsky, David. President Johnson's War On Poverty. University, Alabama: The University of Alabama Press, 1986.
Welfare
Atwell, Paul and Dean R. Gerstein. "Government Policy and Local Practice", American Sociological Review, April 1979.
Bane, Mary Jo and David Ellwood. Welfare Realities: From Rhetoric to Reform. Cambridge, Ma.: Harvard University Press, 1994.
Ellwood, David. "Conclusion" in Cottingham and Ellwood, eds. Welfare Policy for the 1990s.
Ehrenrich, John H. The Altruistic Imagination.
Foucault, Michael. Discipline and Punish.
Galper, Jeffry H. The Politics of Social Services, ch.4.
Gaylin, Willard, Ira Glasser, Steven Marcus and David Rothman, Doing Good: The Limits of Benevolence. "Prisoner's of Benevolence", Ira Glasser.
Hacker, Andrew. "'Welfare' The Future of an Illusion", The New York Review of Books, February 28, 1985.
--------------. "The Lower Depths", The New York Review of Books, August 12, 1982.
Janowitz, Morris. Social Control of the Welfare State.
Jencks, Christopher. Rethinking Social Policy.
Jencks, Christopher and Kathryn Edin, "The Real Welfare Problem," in The American Prospect, No. 1 Spring 1990
Moynihan, Daniel Patrick. Family and Nation.
Piven, Frances Fox and Richard Cloward. Regulating the Poor: The Functions of Public Welfare.
Reischauer, Robert D. "The Welfare Reform Legislation: Directions for the Future" in Cottingham and Ellwood, eds., Welfare Policy for the 1990s.
Spitzer, Steven. "Toward a Marxian Theory of Deviance", Social Problems, April 1975.
"Study of the AFDC/Medicaid Eligibility Process in the Southern States", Southern Governors' Association, April 1988.
Housing Policy/Homelessness
Bevington, Christine Benglia and Peter Marcuse, "Homelessness and Low-Income Housing, A Working Bibliography." New York: Architects/ Designers/Planners for Social Responsibility, July 1987.
Blau, Joel. The Visible Poor: Homelessness in the United States.
Bratt, Rachel, Chester Hartman and Ann Meyerson. Critical Perspectives on Housing. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986.
Burt, Martha R. and Barbara E. Cohen. "Differences among Homeless Single Women, Women with Children, and Single Men," in Social Problems, Vol. 36, No. 5, December 1989.
------------------------------------. "Participation in the Food Stamp Program by the Homeless, and the Effects of the Prepared Meal Provision." in Food Stamp Research Conference Monograph. Alexandria, VA: USDA Food and Nutrition Service, 1990.
------------------------------------. "A Socio-demographic Profile of the Service-using Homeless: Findings from a National Study." in Jamshid A. Momeni, ed. Homelessness in the United States: Volume II, Data and Issues. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1990.
------------------------------------. "America's Homeless: Numbers, Characteristics, and the Programs that Serve Them. Washington D.C.: The Urban Institute Press, 1989.
------------------------------------. "Who is Helping the Homeless?: Local, State and Federal Responses." in Publius: The Journal of Federalism, 19, Summer, 1989.
------------------------------------. Feeding the Homeless: Does the Prepared Meal Provision Work? Volumes I and II. Washington D.C.: The Urban Institute, 1988.
------------------------------------. "Review of Research on Homeless Persons." Washington, D.C.: The Urban Institute, 1988.
------------------------------------. "Food Sources and Intake of Homeless Persons" in Jamshid A. Momeni, ed. Homelessness in the United States: Volume II, Data and Issues. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1990.
------------------------------------. "Demographic Characteristics of the Homeless Derived from a New National Survey." Paper presented at the Population Association of America Annual Meeting, Baltimore, MD, March 31, 1989.
Dehavenon, Anna Lou, "The Tyranny of Indifference and the Re-institutionalization of Hunger, Homelessness and Poor Health," prepared for the East Harlem Interfaith Welfare Committee, May, 1988.
Frieden, Bernard J.."Housing Allowances: An Experiment that Worked," in The Public Interest, No. 59, Spring 1980, pp. 15-35.
Friedrichs, Jurgen. Affordable Housing and the Homeless. New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1988.
Hartman, Chester. "Housing Allowances, A Bad Idea Whose Time Has Come," in Working Papers 9, November/December 1982, pp. 55-58.
Henig, Jeffrey, "Gentrification and Displacement Within Cities: A Comparative Analysis," in Social Problems, December, 1980. Kozol, Jonathan. Rachel and Her Children: Homeless Families in America, New York: Fawcett Columbine, 1988.
Marcuse, Peter. "Gentrification, Abandonment, and Displacement: Connections, Cause, and Policy Repsonses in New York," in Journal of Urban and Contemporary Law, Vol. 28, pp. 105- 240, 1985.
Mitchell, Robert, "Sociological Research on the Economic Myths of Housing," in Social Problems. December, 1974.
Rossi, Peter, Without Shelter: Homelessness in the 1990s, New York: The Twentieth Century Fund, Priority Press, 1989.
Starr, Roger, "The Urban Condition: Which of the Poor Shall Live in Public Housing?" in The Public Interest, Spring 1971.
Whitman, David, "Who's Who Among the Homeless," in The New Republic, June 6, 1988.
Ideology and Poverty
Apter, David E. Ideology and Discontent. New York: The Free Press, 1964.
Feagin, Joe R. Subordinating The Poor: Welfare and American Beliefs. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1975.
Jones, Gareth Stetman. Outcast London: A Study In the Relationship Between Classes in Victorian Society. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971.
Legal Aid
Poverty Law Reporter, various issues.
Gambitta, Richard. Governing Through Courts. California: Sage Publications, 1981.
Katz, Jack. Poor People's Lawyers in Transition. Rutgers, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, New Jersey, 1982.
Lawrence, Susan. The Poor in Court: The Legal Impact of Expanded Access. Maryland: University Microfilms International, 1985. Smith, Reginald. Justice and the Poor. New York: Arno Press, 1971.
Foster Care
Child Welfare League of America, "Serving Families at Risk of Dissolution: Public Preventive Services in New York City," 1981.
Fanshel, David and Euge Shinn. Children in Foster Care: A Longitudinal Investigation. New York: Columbia University Press, 1978.
Finkelstein, Nadia Ehrlich, "Children in Limbo," Social Work, 25:100-5, March 1980.
Foster Care 1984: A Report on the Implementaion of the Recommendation of the Mayor's Task Force on Child Care Foster Care Child Monitoring Committtee, New York, September 7, 1984.
Hampsom, Robert B. and Joseph B. Tavormina, "Feedback from the Experts: A Study of Foster Mothers," Social Work, 25:108-13, March 1980.
Horowitz, Bernard and Wendy Wintermute, "Use of Emergency Fund in Protective Services Casework," Child Welfare, July/Aug, 197?.
Interface, "An Ounce of Prevention: A Survey of Preventive Services Programs Contracted by NYC SSC," 1980.
Joint NYC Council/NYS Assembly Task Force on Foster Care, "Beyond the Veil: Problems in Foster Care Prevention and Child Protective Services in NYC" 1980.
Jones, M., S. Magura and A. Shyne, "Effective Practice with Families in Protective and Preventive Services: What Works?" Child Welfare, 2, 1981.
Kwitny, Jonathan, "Who Speaks for the Kids in Foster Homes?" Wall St. Journal, 194:22, 1979.
Kwitny, Jonathan, "Nobody's Kids," Wall St. Journal, 192:1, May 6, 1978.
Lahti, Janet, "A Follow-up Study of Foster Children in Permanent Placements," Social Service Review, 56:556-71, December 1982.
McQueen, Michael, "Family Crisis: Foster care system is strained as reports of child abuse mount: suitable homes are scarcer as need for them rises," Wall St. Journal, 209:1, June 15, 1987.
Magura, S., "Are Services to Prevent Foster Care Effective?" Child Welfare League of America, 1980.
Mushlin, Michael, "Unsafe Havens: The Case for Constitutional Protection of Foster Children From Abuse and Neglect," Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, 23:199- 280, Winter 1988.
United States House Committee on Education and Labor Subcommittee on Select Education, "Foster Care: Problems and Issues," hearings pt. 2, September 8, 1976. (94th Congress, 2d Session).
United States House Committee on Ways and Means Subcommittee on Public Assistance and Unemployment Compensation, "Child Welfare and Foster Care Issues," hearing April 16, 1984. (98th Congress, 2nd Session).
United States House Select Committee on Children, Youth and Families, "Continuing Crisis in Foster Care: Issues and Problems," hearing April 22, 1987. (100th Congress, 1st Session).
Waterhouse, Price, "Final Report: Review of the NYC/NYS Foster Care Program Assessment System," 2 vols., 1982.
Family Policy
Dempsey, John J. The Family and Public Policy: The Issue of the 1980's. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes, 1981.
Edelman, Marian Wright. Families in Peril: An Agenda for Social Change. Cambridge, Ma.: Harvard University Press, 1987.
Encyclopedia of Social Work, 18th ed. Bethesda, Maryland: NASW, 1987.
Giraldo, Z.I. Public Policy and the Family. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1980.
Grubb, W. Norton and Marvin Lazerson. Broken Promises: How Americans Fail Their Children. New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1982.
Laird, Joan and Ann Hartman, eds. A Handbook of Child Welfare: Context, Knowledge and Practice. New York: Free Press, 1985.
McGowan and Meezan. Child Welfare and Current Dilemmas, Future Directions, 1983.
Moynihan, Daniel Patrick. Family and Nation. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1986. Schorr, Alvin J., "Professional Practice as Policy," Social Service Review, 59, June 1985.
Watkins, Kathleen Pullan and Lucius Durant, Jr. Day Care: A Source Book. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1987
Employment
Bailey, Stephen K. Congress Makes a Law: The Story Behind the Employment Act of 1946. New York: Columbia University Press, 1950.
Baumer, Donald C. and Carl E. Van Horn. The Politics of Unemployment. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, Inc., 1985
Beveridge, William H. Full Employment in a Free Society. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, Inc., 1945.
Burtless, Gary, Ed. A Future of Lousy Jobs?. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1990.
Clague, Ewan and Leo Kramer. Manpower Policies and Programs, A Review, 1935-1975. Kalamazoo, Mich.: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 1976.
Cross, Theodore. Black Capitalism. New York: Atheneum Press, 1969.
Davidson, Roger H. The Politics of Comprehensive Manpower Legislation. Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1972.
Durbin, Elizabeth F. Welfare Income and Employment. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1969.
Ellwood, D.T. "The Mismatch Hypothesis: Are there teenage jobs missing in the ghetto?" in Richard B. Freeman and Casey Echniowski Eds. The Black Youth Employment Crisis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1986.
Ellwood, D.T. and D.A. Wise. "Youth Employment in the Seventies: The Changing Circumstances of Young Adults." in Richard Nelson and Felicity Skidmore, Eds. American Families and the Economy: The High Costs of Living. Washington D.C. National Academy Press, 1983.
Freeman, Richard, "Changes in the Labor Market for Black Americans, 1948-72," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Vol. 1, 1973.
Gartner, Alan, Russell A. Nixon, and Frank Riessman, Eds. Public Service Employment: An Analysis of its History, Problems and Prospects. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1973.
Garraty, John A. Unemployment in History: Economic Thought and Public Policy. New York: Harper & Row, 1978.
Gordon, Kermit, ed. Agenda for the Nations. Washington D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1968.
Harrison, Bennet, Harold L. Sheppard and William J. Spring. "Public Jobs, Public Needs," in The New Republic, Vol. 164 No. 4, 1972.
Haveman, Robert Ed. A Decade of Federal Antipoverty Programs. New York: Academic Press, 1977.
Holland, Susan S., "Long-Term Unemployment in the 1960s," Monthly Labor Review, Vol. 88, September 1965.
Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, Vol. 24, No. 1, Winter 1985.
Kaus, Mickey. "The Work Ethic State", The New Republic, July 7, 1986.
Kershaw, Joseph A. Government Against Poverty. Chicago: Markham Publishing Company, 1976.
Keynes, John Maynard. The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers, 1935.
Levitan, Sar A. and Frank Gallo. A Second Chance, Training for Jobs. Kalamazoo, Michigan: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 1988.
Mangum, Garth L. The Emergence of Manpower Policy. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1969.
Nathan, Richard P. Jobs and Civil Rights. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1969.
Parnes, Herbert S. Unemployment Experience of Individuals Over a Decade. Kalamazoo, Michigan: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 1982.
Pierson, Frank C. The Minimum Level of Unemployment and Public Policy. Kalamazoo, Michigan: W.E. Upjohn Institue for Employment Research, 1980.
Piore, Michael J. Ed. Unemployment and Inflation. White Plains, New York: M.E. Sharpe, Inc., 1979.
Robson, R. Thayne, Ed. Employment and Training R & D. Kalamazoo, Mich.: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 1984.
Schwartz, Bonnie os. The Civil Works Administration 1933-1934. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984.
Taggart, Robert. Hardship: The Welfare Consequences of Labor Market Problems. Kalamazoo, Mich.: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 1982.
Tomlinson, Jim. Employment Policy: The Crucial Years 1959-1955. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987.
Weir, Margaret. "The Federal Government and Unemployment: The frustration of Policy Innovation from the New Deal to the Great Society." in Weir, Orloff and Skocpol, The Politics of Social Policy in the United States. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988.
--------------. Politics and Jobs.
Wilensky, Harold L. "Nothing Fails Like Success: The Evaluation-Research Industry and Labor Market Policy," in Industrial Relations, Vol. 24, No.1 Winter 1985.
Education
Chubb, John S. and Terry M. Moe. Politics, Markets and America's Schools. Brookings, 1990.
Clark, K.B. The Educationally Deprived. New York: Met. Applied Research Center, 1972.
Clark, R.M. Family Life and School Achievement. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983.
Cohen, M. "Effectivce Schools: Accumulating Research Findings" in American Education. Jan.-Feb., 1982.
Eckhert, P. Jocks and Burnouts: Social Categories and Identity in the High School. New York: Teachers College Press, 1989.
Freedman, Samuel G. Small Victories. New York: Harper & Row, 1990.
Greenberg, J.W. and H.H. Davidson. "Home Background and School of Black Urban Ghetto Children." in American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 42, no. 5, 1972.
Hagedorn, J. People and Folks. Chicago: Lake View Press, 1988.
Kozol, Jonathan. Savage Inequalities: Children in America's Schools, 1991.
Macchiarola, Frank J. and Alan Gartner, eds. Caring for America's Children. New York: Academy of Political Science, 1989.
Race, Racism and Class
Anderson, Elijah. Street Wise: Race, Class, and Change in an Urban Community. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990.
Bell, Derrick. Faces at the Bottom of the Well: The Permanence of Racism.
Carmichael, Stokely and Charles V. Hamilton. Black Power.
Gates, Henry Louis. Loose Canons: Notes on the Culture Wars.
Gershman, Carl. "Race or Class?", Current, November 1980.
Glazer, Nathan. "The Structure of Ethnicity," Public Opinion, October/November 198S4.
Goering, John M. " 'Resolute Ignorance' or Political Strawman: A Further Look at Affirmative Action Research," August 1987.
Hacker, Andrew. Two Nations: Black and White, Separate, Hostile, Unequal.
Hamilton, Charles V. "De-Racialization: Examination of a Political Strategy", First World, March/April 1977.
Harris, Fred R. and Roger Wilkins, eds. Quiet Riots: Race and Poverty in the United States.
Jencks, Christopher. "Deadly Neighborhoods", The New Republic, June 23, 1988, pp.23-32.
Kasinitz, Philip. Carribean New York: Black Immigrants and the Politics of Race. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992.
Kochman, Thomas. Black and White Styles in Conflict.
Ladd, Everett. "The Prejudice of a Tolerant Society," Public Opinion, July/August 1987.
Lemann, Nicholas. The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America. New York: Knopf, 1991.
Lichter, S. Robert, Linda S. Lichter, Stanley Rothman, and Daniel Amundson, "Prime-Time Prejudice: TV's Images of Blacks and Hispanics", Public Opinion, July/August 1987.
Lipset, Seymour Martin, "Blacks and Jews: How Much Bias?", Public Opinion, July/August 1987.
Loury, Glenn C. "The Moral Quandary of the Black Community", The Public Interest, Winter 1985.
Marks, Carole. "The Specious Origins of the Black Underclass", a paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Chicago, Illinois, August 1987.
Martin, Ben L. "From Negro to Black to African-American", Political Science Quarterly, vol. 106, no. 1, Spring 1991.
Moore, Joan. "Is There a Hispanic Underclass?" Social Science Quarterly, June 1989.
Myrdal, Gunnar. An American Dilemma.
Orfield, Gary and Carole Ashkinaze. The Closing Door: Conservative Policy and Black Opportunity.
Rainwater, Lee and William L. Yancey, The Moynihan Report and the Politics of Controversy.
Rieder, Jonathan. Canarsie: The Jews and Italians of Brooklyn Against Liberalism.
Salzman, Jack, et.al., eds. Bridges and Boundaries: African-Americans and American Jews.
Schuman, Steeh and Bobo, Racial Attitudes in America.
Shorris, Earl. Latinos: A Biography of the People.
Sleeper, James. The Closest of Strangers, New York: W. W. Norton, 1990.
Smith, Tom W. and Paul B. Sheatsley, "American Attitudes toward Race Relations," Public Opinion, October/November 1984. Staples, Robert. The Black Family.
Steele, Shelby. The Content of Our Character, New York: St. Martin Press, 1990.
Van DeBurg, William. New Day in Babylon: The Black Power Movement and American Culture, 1965-1975.
West, Cornel. Race Matters.
Willis, Gary. "A Tale of Three Cities", a review of Nicholas Lemann's The Promised Land, in The New York Review of Books, March 28, 1991.
Wilson, William Julius. "Race-Neutral Programs and the Democratic Coalition", The American Prospect, no.1, Spring 1990.
----------------------. The Delining Significance of Race.
Wolfe, Tom. Radical Chic and Mau-Mauing the Flak Catchers.